Analysis and abatement of air pollution involve a variety of technical disciplines. Air quality and health whoeurope world health organization. It will discuss the current tree resources in cities in the united states, why each attribute of air quality is important to local residents, and how trees and parks can improve air quality. Types of air pollution by chemical characteristics and source. Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible for a growing range of health effects that are well documented from the results of an extensive research effort conducted in many regions of the world. As a result, air pollution is a serious problem in urumqi today. What is the evidence of synergy interaction of the pollutant with other air pollutants. Air contamination can be explained as when any material that has the possibility of interfering with the welfare of the atmosphere or affect. Pdf causes, consequences and control of air pollution. This paper focuses on the environmental impact of urban growth that has resulted into an unabated increase in the light vehicles fleet. Substances mean any natural or anthropogenic manmade chemical compounds capable of being airborne. Air pollution and road traffic in kuwait wit press.
Environments and contaminants criteria air pollutants. This definition implicitly acknowledges that some substances that are considered to be air pollutants are present naturally. Air pollution be transported can or formed over long distances and can affect large areas. The classification of air pollution models as well as a comparison between different modelling approaches is given.
The effects of air pollution can be felt thousands of miles from its original source. The small differences in the technology are important when various monitors measuring similar chemicals are. Although not all of these processes and activities directly discharge pollutants to the outdoor air through a stack, they do release air pollutants that eventually escape. Concentrations of air pollutants are commonly expressed as the mass of pollutant per unit volume of air mixture, as mgm3. An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. To tackle severe air pollution, beijing has launched comprehensive air pollution control programs in phases since 1998. Air pollution affects practically all countries in the world and all parts of society. The substances that are responsible for causing air pollution are called air pollution.
Sources of pollution may be point sources, which are easily identified, or nonpoint sources, where the pollution comes from diffuse sources that are not easy to pinpoint. Effective air quality policies require action and cooperation beyond the local and national levels, on a european and global scale. For example, 1 cubic cm cm3 of a gas dispersed in 1 million cubic cm of air is 1 part per million ppm v, volumetovolume ratio. Fysical, chemical and toxicological characteristics air pollutants in the netherland. The four air pollution sensing techniques described, although unique in their individual characteristics, share in common that they can be employed in small, lowcost air pollution monitors. The characteristics of the system include pollution from high concentrations of o 3 and high concentrations of particulate matter, leading to substantial adverse impacts on the environment and human health li et al. Seasonal characteristics and particlesize distributions. Characteristics of complex air pollution in typical cities of north china tang binyan a,b, xin jinyuan a,b, gao wenkang b, shao ping a, su hongjuan a,b, wen tianxue b, song tao b, fan guangzhou a,c, wang shigong a and wang yuesi b. Biological pollution disturbance of the ecological balance by the accidental or deliberate introduction of a foreign organism, animal or plant species into an environment. This technique is also helpful in predicting variations in the concentrations of air pollutants due to changes in meteorology. The characteristics of air pollutants during two distinct.
Characteristics of aerosol types in beijing and the. Pdf most cities in china are experiencing severe air pollution due to rapid economic development and accelerated urbanization. The present lecture note on air pollution is therefore, prepared to be used as a teaching. Water pollution facts water pollution is intended as water quality degradation caused by the introduction of substances that alter its physicochemical characteristics and impede its normal use.
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into. Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals, vegetation, or materials. Most parts of china are experiencing varying degrees of atmospheric pollution. Pdf air pollution characteristics and health risks in.
Air pollution is a serious health problem and accounts for hundred of millions of dollars for health care and welfare cost. Events of severe air pollution occurred frequently in china recently, thus understanding of the air pollution characteristics and its health risks is very important. Pdf spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollutants pm10, pm2. Spatial distribution characteristics may be used to help in siting of air monitoring stations. According to the american heart association, breathing this form of air pollution over a long period of time can cause serious respiratory problems. A comprehensive treatment ofeach ofthese three areas is beyond the scope of a single book, however. Pollution is of different kinds depending on the nature of pollutants and pollutions. Results also showed that the concentration of pm 2. These include stroke and heart disease, respiratory illness and cancers. The role of the health sector is crucial, and there is a need to engage with other sectors to maximize the cobenefits of health, climate, environment, social and development.
Purpose and applicability of air quality regulations. In this industrial age, air pollution cannot be eliminated completely. The air quality expert group aqeg is an expert committee of the department for environment, food and rural affairs defra and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the uk. The second type of air pollution has been called smog 11 p hot o c he m i c a 1 s m o g 11 t his p hot o c hem i c a smog. Outdoor air pollution scope of the problem worldwide, outdoor air pollution contributes to. Characteristics and applications of small, portable. Pollution may be in the form of a gas, liquid, solid or energy. Environmental protection agency epa has set national ambient air quality standards naaqs for six criteria pollutants. The dispersion characteristics of air pollution from the worlds. Air quality regulations purpose and applicability of air quality regulations m any businesses operate processes and equipment or engage in activities that emit air pollution. It creates smog and acid rain, causes cancer and respiratory diseases, reduces the ozone layer atmosphere and contributes to global warming. The department of health, clean air branch, monitors the ambient air in the state of hawaii for various gaseous and particulate air pollutants.
The internal combustion engines of cars and other vehicles produce carbon monoxide, which is a highly poisonous gas. Pdf spatial distribution characteristics of some air. These substances having either a solid, liquid or gaseous origin. Definitions and classifications used in the study of air pollution are introduced. Air pollution characteristics and health risks in henan province, china fuzhen shen a, xinlei ge a.
The characteristics of combined coalvehicle pollution are unceasingly apparent and heavy pollution episodes occurred regularly, with negative effects on public health. Chapter 2 air pollution, sources and characteristics 1 introduction air pollution is the presence of substances in air in sufficient concentration and for sufficient time, so as to be, or threaten to be injurious to human, plant or animal life, or to property, or which reasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. Air pollution threatens the health of humans and other living beings in our planet. A study of the relationship between visibility and concentrations of pm 2. The pollution of air can further be categorized into two types, that is, visible air pollution and invisible air pollution. The characteristics of urban air pollution in china. Air pollution is the human introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that. Air pollution characteristics and health risks in henan. The dispersion characteristics of air pollution from the worlds megacities al. Chinas industrial pollution can be felt in western parts of the united states.
Th is publication presents key air pollutants, lists natural sources of air. Vertically resolved characteristics of air pollution during two severe. Generally, air pollution characteristics can change dramatically based on time, space, weather and climate luechinger, 2009, schmitt, 20. Here, the main types of air pollution commonly found in urban environments are pre. It is nearly impossible to match air pollution characteristics from monitor stations with each respondents state of swb at the moment a survey is conducted. Summary air pollution, particularly in urban areas, constitutes a public health concern, as it has a harmful effect on the health, survival and activities of humans and other living organisms. The characteristics of the air pollution of a transition economy city. Here, the main types of air pollution commonly found in urban environments are pre sented, along with their sources, levels of emissions, mechanisms of dispersion, transfor mation, concentrations in ambient air immissions, and effects on the environment and health. Air pollution is the largest single environmental risk to health, responsible for an. Characteristics of complex air pollution in typical cities. Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter. As it continues to grow, nairobi faces the challenge of planning for sustainable urban development that provides adequate housing and services at the same time as it protects air and water quality and the natural environment within and around the city. The air quality index aqi as well as interday and intraday concentrations of various air pollutants pm10, pm2.
Possibly one of the most important characteristics of air pollutants is their. With the increasing problem of air pollution in urumqi, the urumqi government promulgated measures for the prevention and control of air pollution in urumqi in november 2008 23, which were used to relieve the pressure of air pollution in urumqi. It outlines the evolution of the scientific evidence on the health effects of air pollution and of its interpretation, supporting policy and other decisionmakers in setting outdoor and indoor air quality management strategies worldwide. The concentrations of gaseous contaminants in the air are typically reported as ppm v values usually without the subscript, v. This paper will explore how trees in cities, particularly in park settings, can improve air quality. The meteorological tower is a unique platform to study the vertical characteristics of air pollutants in the lower lev els of the boundary layer. Classification and characteristics of air pollution models.
175 1302 171 1438 822 1404 1361 1056 105 843 437 516 488 1325 806 1318 649 19 1330 132 598 1375 652 1303 795 719 415 1323 834 1236 890 989 1084 968 1014 122 815 522 152 681 403